![]() In this review we will focus on the interleukins and TNFα, as they have been most extensively investigated in the context of brain function and excitability.Ĭytokines play a role in several aspects of normal central nervous system (CNS) function. There are many classes of cytokines including numerous interleukins, lymphokines, chemokines, hematopoietins, interferons, as well as members of the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) families. ![]() Kupffer cells, microglia), lymphocytes (B and T cells), and vascular endothelial cells that signal the detection of pathogens and activate cellular networks to initiate the appropriate immunological responses. ![]() Cytokines are signaling proteins secreted primarily by cells of the immune system, including monocytes, macrophages (e.g.
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